I did followings to install centos 6.Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online.Easily share your publications and get.Switching From Windows to Nix or a Newbie to Linux.So you are planning to switch from Windows to Linux, or have just switched to Linux Oops what I am asking For what else reason would you have been here.From my past experience when I was new to Nux, commands and terminal really scared me, I was worried about the commands, as to what extent I have to remember and memorise them to get myself fully functional with Linux.No doubt online documentation, books, man pages and user community helped me a lot but I strongly believed that there should be an article with details of commands in easy to learn and understand language.Install Pulseaudio Fedora 17' title='Install Pulseaudio Fedora 17' />These Motivated me to Master Linux and to make it easy to use.My this article is a step towards it.Linux Commands for Newbies.Command ls. The command ls stands for List Directory Contents, List the contents of the folder, be it file or folder, from which it runs.Android Games Music.Pictures Public. Desktop Tecmint.Documents Tec. Mint Sync.Downloads Templates.The command ls l list the content of folder, in long listing fashion.May 8 0. 1 0. 6 Android Games.May 1. 5 1. 0 5. Desktop.May 1. 6 1. 6 4. Documents.May 1. 6 1. 4 3. Downloads. Rosetta Stone V3 Korean Cracked . Apr 3. 0 2. 0 5. Music.May 9 1. 7 5. 4 Pictures.May 3 1. 8 4. 4 Tecmint.Apr 3. 0 2. 0 5. Templates.Command ls a, list the content of folder, including hidden files starting with.PI5. VVW . mission control.Hot. Shots. ICEauthority.Xauthority . gconf.Xauthority. HGHVWW .Note In Linux file name starting with.In Linux every filefolderdevicecommand is a file.The output of ls l is d stands for directory.The 1st ravisaive in the above example means that file is owned by user ravisaive.The 2nd ravisaive in the above example means file belongs to user group ravisaive.Bytes. May 8 0. 1 0.And at the end is the name of the FileFolder.For more ls command examples read 1.Command Examples in Linux.Command lsblk. The lsblk stands for List Block Devices, print block devices by their assigned name but not RAM on the standard output in a tree like fashion.NAME MAJ MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT.G 0 disk. sda. 1 8 1 0 4.G 0 part. sda. K 0 part.M 0 part boot. sda.G 0 part SWAP. sda.G 0 part data. sda.G 0 part personal.M 0 rom. The lsblk l command list block devices in list structure not tree like fashion.NAME MAJ MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT.G 0 disk. sda. 1 8 1 0 4.G 0 part. sda. 2 8 2 0 1.K 0 part. sda. 5 8 5 0 1.M 0 part boot. sda.G 0 part SWAP. sda.G 0 part data. sda.G 0 part personal.M 0 rom. Note lsblk is very useful and easiest way to know the name of New Usb Device you just plugged in, especially when you have to deal with diskblocks in terminal.Command md. 5sum.The md. 5sum stands for Compute and Check MD5 Message Digest, md.Note The user can match the generated md.Md. 5sum is considered less secure than sha.Command dd. Command dd stands for Convert and Copy a file, Can be used to convert and copy a file and most of the times is used to copy a iso file or any other file to a usb device or any other location, thus can be used to make a Bootlable Usb Stick.Downloadsdebian. M sync.Note In the above example the usb device is supposed to be sdb.You should Verify it using command lsblk, otherwise you will overwrite your disk and OS, use name of disk very CautiouslyUsb stick.Command uname. The uname command stands for Unix Name, print detailed information about the machine name, Operating System and Kernel.Linux tecmint 3. 8.Ubuntu SMP Wed May 1 1.UTC 2. 01. 3 i. 68.GNULinux. Note uname shows type of kernel.Elaborating the above output of uname a.Linux The machines kernel name.The machines node name.The kernel release.Ubuntu SMP The kernel version.The architecture of the processor.GNULinux The operating system name.Command history. The history command stands for History Event Record, it prints the history of long list of executed commands in terminal.Note Pressing Ctrl R and then search for already executed commands which lets your command to be completed with auto completion feature.Command sudo. The sudo super user do command allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy in the sudoers list.Note sudo allows user to borrow superuser privileged, while a similar command su allows user to actually log in as superuser.Sudo is safer than su.It is not advised to use sudo or su for day to day normal use, as it can result in serious error if accidentally you did something wrong, thats why a very popular saying in Linux community is To err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need root password.Command mkdir. The mkdir Make directory command create a new directory with name path.However is the directory already exists, it will return an error message cannot create folder, folder already exists.Note Directory can only be created inside the folder, in which the user has write permission.File existsDont confuse with file in the above output, you might remember what i said at the beginning In Linux every file, folder, drive, command, scripts are treated as file.Command touch. The touch command stands for Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.If the file already exists it will update the timestamp and not the contents of the file.Note touch can be used to create file under directory, on which the user has write permission, only if the file dont exist there.Command chmod. The Linux chmod command stands for change file mode bits.There exist 3 types of permission on a file folder or anything but to keep things simple we will be using file.Read r4. Executex1.So if you want to give only read permission on a file it will be assigned a value of 4, for write permission only, a value of 2 and for execute permission only, a value of 1 is to be given.For read and write permission 42 6 is to be given, ans so on.Now permission need to be set for 3 kinds of user and usergroup.The first is owner, then usergroup and finally world.Here the roots permission is rwx read, write and execute.To change its permission and provide read, write and execute permission to owner, group and world.Note one of the most important command useful for sysadmin and user both.On a multi user environment or on a server, this command comes to rescue, setting wrong permission will either makes a file inaccessible or provide unauthorized access to someone.Command chown. The Linux chown command stands for change file owner and group.Every file belongs to a group of user and a owner.It is used Do ls l into your directory and you will see something like this.May 1. 0 1. 1 1. Binary.May 1. 3 0. 9 4. Desktop.Here the directory Binary is owned by user server and it belongs to usergroup root where as directory Desktop is owned by user server and belongs to user group server.This chown command is used to change the file ownership and thus is useful in managing and providing file to authorised user and usergroup only.Binary. May 1. 0 1.Binary. drwxr xr x 2 server server 4.May 1. 3 0. 9 4. Desktop.Note chown changes the user and group ownership of each given FILE to NEW OWNER or to the user and group of an existing reference file.Command apt. The Debian based apt command stands for Advanced Package Tool.Lubuntu Wikipedia.Lubuntu luu BUUN too1 is a lightweight Linux distribution based on Ubuntu but using the LXDEdesktop environment in place of Ubuntus Unity shell and GNOME desktop.LXDE is touted as being lighter, less resource hungry and more energy efficient.Like Xubuntu, Lubuntu is intended to be a low system requirement, low RAM environment for netbooks, mobile devices, and older PCs.Tests show it can use half as much RAM as Xubuntu, making it an attractive choice for installing on older hardware such as being refurbished for charitable distribution.The name Lubuntu is a portmanteau of LXDE and Ubuntu.LXDE stands for Lightweight X1.Desktop Environment,9 while the word Ubuntu means humanity towards others in the Zulu and Xhosa languages.Lubuntu received official recognition as a formal member of the Ubuntu family on 1.May 2. 01. 1, commencing with Lubuntu 1.October 2. 01. 1.HistoryeditThe LXDE desktop was first made available for Ubuntu in October 2.Ubuntu 8. 1. 0 Intrepid Ibex.These early versions of Lubuntu, including 8.ISO image downloads, and could only be installed on Ubuntu as separate lubuntu desktop packages from the Ubuntu repositories.LXDE can also be retroactively installed in earlier Ubuntu versions.In February 2. 00.Mark Shuttleworth invited the LXDE project to become a self maintained project within the Ubuntu community, with the aim of leading to a dedicated new official Ubuntu derivative to be called Lubuntu.In March 2. 00. 9, the Lubuntu project was started on Launchpad by Mario Behling, including an early project logo.The project also established an official Ubuntu wiki project page, that includes listings of applications, packages, and components.Lenny, the official mascot of Lubuntu.In August 2. 00. 9, the first test ISO was released as a Live CD, with no installation option.Initial testing in September 2.Linux Magazine reviewer Christopher Smart showed that Lubuntus RAM usage was about half of that of Xubuntu and Ubuntu on a normal installation and desktop use, and two thirds less on live CD use.In 2. GTK to Qt in what is termed LXQt.Work on this continued through the year, with the timed releases of Lubuntu being bug fixes only to the GTK version.Lenny became Lubuntus mascot in 2.Lubuntu 1. 0. 0. 4edit.Lubuntu 1. 0. 0. 4, the first stand alone version of Lubuntu available.On 3. 0 December 2.Alpha 1 Preview version ISO for Lubuntu 1.Lucid Lynx was made available for testing, with Alpha 2 following on 2.January 2. 01. 0.The first Beta was released on 2.March 2. 01. 0 and the stable version of Lubuntu 1.May 2. 01. 0, four days behind the main Ubuntu release date of 2.April 2. 01. 0. 2.Lubuntu 1. 0. 0. 4 was only released as a 3.ISO file, but users could install a 6.Mini ISO and then install the required packages.Lubuntu 1. 0. 0. 4 was not intended to be a long term support LTS release, unlike Ubuntu 1.Lucid Lynx, and was only going to be supported for 1.However, since the infrastructure of Ubuntu 1.Maverick Meerkat and thus Lubuntu 1.VIA C3, AMD K6, and AMD GeodeNational Semiconductor CPUs, the release of Lubuntu 1.April 2. 01. 3 for Lubuntu 1.In reviewing Lubuntu 1.Alpha 1 in January 2.Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu wrote, Not having had many preconceptions regarding LXDELubuntu i sic found myself presently surprised.It was pleasant to look at, pleasant to use and although I doubt I would switch from GNOME to LXDE, it can give excellent performance to those who would benefit from doing so.In writing about the final 1.October 2. 01. 0 Sneddon termed it A nimble and easy to use desktop.Writing about Lubuntu 1.May 2. 01. 0 Damien Oh of Make Tech Easier said If you are looking for a lightweight alternative to install in your old PC or netbook, Lubuntu is a great choice.You wont get any eye candy or special graphical effects, but what you get is fast speed at a low cost.Its time to put your old PC back to work.Also reviewing Lubuntu 1.May 2. 01. 0 Robin Catling of Full Circle magazine said The first thing that impresses on running Lubuntu on my modest Compaq Evo laptop Pentium M, 5.MB RAM is the small memory footprint.It beats Karmic on Gnome, and Xubuntu on Xfce, by a mile.The Evo used to take 6.LXDE takes exactly 3.Yet youre not restricted gtk.Synaptic hooks up to the Ubuntu repositories for package management so you can pull down Open Office to replace the default Abi Word without crippling the machine.Catling did note of the file manager, The PCMan.FM file manager needs a little more maturity to compete with Thunar, but its a competent and robust application that doesnt hog resources like Nautilus or Dolphin.In June 2. 01. 0 Jim Lynch reviewed Lubuntu 1.One thing youll notice about using the Lubuntu desktop is that its fast.Very, very fast. Even on an underpowered machine, Lubuntu should perform very well.Its one of the best things about this distro it leaves behind the bloated eye candy that can sometimes bog down GNOME and KDE.I didnt run into any noticeable problems with Lubuntu.It was very fast and stable, and I didnt see noticeable bugs or problems.I hate it when this happens since its so much more interesting for my readers when I run into one nasty problem or another.Hopefully the next version of Lubuntu will be chock full of horrendous problems and bugs.Just kidding. 3. In September 2.Julien Lavergne3.Lubuntu project had not been granted official status as a derivative of Ubuntu as part of the Ubuntu 1.Ubuntu 1. 0. 1. 0.Lavergne explained the reasons as there is still a resource problem on Canonical Ubuntu infrastructure, which was not resolved during this cycle.Also, they are writing a real process to integrate new member in the Ubuntu family, but its still not finished.Lubuntu 1. 0. 1. 0editLubuntu 1.October 2. 01. 0, the same day as Ubuntu 1.Maverick Meerkat, but it was not built with the same underlying infrastructure as Ubuntu 1.Developer Julien Lavergne said about it, Lubuntu is actually not part of the Ubuntu family, and not build sic with the current Ubuntu infrastructure.This release is considered as a stable beta, a result that could be a final and stable release if we was sic included in the Ubuntu family.Version 1. Openbox theme, new Lubuntu menu logo, splash images and desktop wallpaper.Lubuntu 1. 0. 1. 0 was not accepted as an official Ubuntu derivative at this release point due to a lack of integration with the infrastructure Canonical and Ubuntu but work is continuing towards that goal.Lubuntu 1. 0. 1. 0 was only released as a 3.ISO file, but users could install a 6.Mini ISO and then install the required packages.Developer Julien Lavergne wrote that while 1.The improvements included a new theme designed by Rafael Laguna, the incorporation of xpad for note taking, Ace of Penguins games, LXTask the LXDE task manager in place of the Xfce application, replacing the epdfview PDF reader with Evince, due to a memory leak problem, and removing pyneighborhood.The minuses included a last minute re write of the installer to integrate it properly, which resulted in some installation instability and the raising of the minimum installation RAM from 1.MB to 2. 56 MB. The other issue was the incorporation of the Ubuntu Update Manager which increased RAM usage by 1.MB. Lubuntu 1. 0.The minimum system requirements for Lubuntu 1.Mario Behling as comparable to Pentium II or Celeron systems with a 1.MB RAM configuration, which may yield a slow yet usable system with lubuntu.Chief developer Julien Lavergne stated that the minimum RAM to install Lubuntu 1.MB. 4. 3In reviewing Lubuntu 1.October 2. 01. 0, Jim Lynch of Eye On Linux said Lubuntus biggest appeal for me is its speed and its no disappointment in that area.Applications load and open quickly, and my overall experience with Lubuntu was quite positive.I detected no stability problems, Lubuntu 1.I used it. Lynch did fault the choice of Synaptic as the package manager One of the strange things about Lubuntu is that it only offers Synaptic as its package manager.Xubuntu 1. 0. 1. 0, on the other hand, offers the Ubuntu Software Center as well as Synaptic.Im not sure why the Ubuntu Software Center is missing from Lubuntu it would make a lot of sense to include it since it is a much easier and more attractive way to manage software.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |